韩国网友问：中国的领土面积是怎么变得今天这么大的？

韩国网友问：中国的领土面积是怎么变得今天这么大的？

从五千年的发展历史来看，中国的领土确实是不断向外扩大，但是扩张并非是华夏儿女的本意，是因为其他游牧民族对中原的骚扰，中原王朝才被动向外作战，但是没有想到中原实力太强，主动挑衅方投诚，将占据领土主动献上以示友好，从而国土面积被动增加。外国人对此并不了解，在海外论坛，韩国网友问：中国的领土面积是怎么变得今天这么大的？我们看看具体过程。

海外网友安雅•沙文的回答

This is an interesting topic, through the analysis of this problem. You can have a deeper understanding of Chinese culture.

这是一个有趣的话题，通过对这个问题的分析，你可以更深入地了解中国文化。

The following image shows the changes in China's territory over the past 4000 years.

下面的图片展示了中国领土在过去4000年中的变化。

According to European values, the continuous expansion of imperial territory comes from "conquest". Powerful military machines continue to expand outward and occupy one piece of land after another. In the end, the empire grew larger and larger.

根据欧洲的价值观，帝国领土的不断扩张来自于“征服”。强大的军事机器不断向外扩张，然后占领一块又一块土地。最终，帝国变得越来越大。

Yes, this rule applies to most empires in world history. However, it is not appropriate to place it on China.

是的，这条规则适用于世界历史上的大多数帝国。然而，把它放在中国身上是不太合适的。

China's territorial sources are diverse, and the proportion of 'conquest' is not significant.

中国的领土来源多种多样，“征服”的比例并不大。

1. 夏 Xia Dynasty (2031 BC)

This is the first dynasty in Chinese history with clear records.

这是中国历史上第一个有明确记载的王朝。

From the map, it can be seen that the influence of the Xia Dynasty was limited to present-day Henan Province in China.

从地图上可以看出，夏朝的影响范围很小，仅限于今天的中国河南省。

Because that was a long time ago, historians were unable to understand the situation of the Xia Dynasty clearly. At present, people believe that there are many unmanned areas around it, as well as some weaker tribes than the Xia Dynasty.

因为那是很久以前的事了，历史学家无法清楚地了解夏朝的情况。目前人们认为，它周围有许多无人区，还有一些比夏朝更弱的部落。

For now, we will take the Xia Dynasty as the starting point of China's territory.

就目前而言，我们将把夏朝作为中国版图的起点。

2. 商 Shang Dynasty (1286 BC)

Due to the excavation of Yin Ruins and oracle bone inscriptions, the Shang Dynasty has been fully confirmed by archaeologists.

由于殷墟和甲骨文的出土，商代已经得到了考古学家的充分确认。

The oracle bone inscriptions recorded the relationship between the Shang Dynasty and neighboring countries, as well as war and peace.

甲骨文记载了商朝与周边国家的关系，记载了战争与和平。

The territory of the Shang Dynasty was more accurate than that of the Xia Dynasty.

商代的疆域比夏朝的疆域更准确。

From the map, it extends eastward to the sea. But these lands were not completely conquered. Historical literature records that the Shang tribe was located in the east of Xia. Therefore, the territory of the Shang Dynasty was a merger of the original territory after replacing the Xia Dynasty.

从地图上看，它向东延伸到大海。但这些土地并没有完全被征服。历史文献记载“商部落在夏之东”。因此，商朝的疆域范围是取代夏朝后对原有疆域的合并。

According to historical records, "After Pan Geng moved his capital to Yin, some tribes around him came to seek refuge with the Shang King

史料记载：“盘庚迁都殷后，周围一些部落都来投靠商王

Therefore, the territorial expansion of the Shang Dynasty was supplemented from three aspects:

因此，商王朝的领土扩张从三个方面获得了补充：

1. Shang tribe's own territory, accounting for 50%

1.商部落自己的领地，占50%

2. Cultural influence makes the surrounding small tribes join, accounting for 25%

2.文化影响使周边小部落加入，占25%

3. Unclaimed land and military conquest, accounting for 25%

3.无人认领的土地和军事征服，占25%

3. 周 Zhou Dynasty (782 BC)

The Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, and its territory also expanded to a certain extent.

周朝取代了商朝，其疆域也有了一定的扩大。

Please note that there is a piece of land connected to the west. This land is actually the land of the Zhou tribe. They defeated the Shang Dynasty from west to east. So he incorporated his own land into the land.

请注意，有一块土地与西部相连。这片土地实际上就是周部落的土地。他们从西向东打败了商朝。于是他把自己的土地并入了土地。

There was also a certain expansion in the north, as the Zhou Dynasty adopted a "enfeoffment system", which conferred nobility on the emperor's brothers, friends, and companions, and then granted them some land. Some surrounding tribes assisted the Zhou Dynasty in eliminating the Shang Dynasty and were appointed as nobles.

北方也有一定的扩张，这是因为周朝采取了“分封制”，将皇帝的兄弟、朋友和伙伴封为贵族，然后授予他们一些土地。周边一些部落协助周朝消灭商朝，并被封为贵族。

Some of the land was originally owned by the Shang Dynasty, while others were originally ownerless and some even belonged to these nobles.

其中一些土地最初为商朝所有，还有一些原本是无主的，有些甚至属于这些贵族。

Therefore, most of the land expansion of the Zhou Dynasty came from the addition of the Zhou tribe's own land and surrounding allies: the expansion of the kingdom.

因此，周王朝的土地扩张大多来自于周部落自己的土地和周边盟友的加入：王国的扩张。

4. 秦 Qin Empire (221 BC)

The Qin Empire was the first true empire in Chinese history, achieving a management approach of "one country, one ruler". This country is managed by professional bureaucrats, and nobles no longer have leadership power.

秦帝国是中国历史上第一个真正意义上的帝国，实现了“一个国家，一个统治者”的管理方式。这个国家由职业官僚管理，贵族不再拥有领导权力。

The territory of the Qin Empire is much larger than that of the Zhou Dynasty.

秦帝国的疆域比周朝的疆域要大得多。

This comes from 3 ways.

这有三个方面：

1. In the 300 years after the split of the Zhou Dynasty, the territories of each peripheral vassal state expanded.

1.周朝分裂后的300年里，各个外围诸侯国的疆域不断扩大。

2. Some countries that have independently developed in surrounding areas have automatically integrated into the Chinese civilization circle. Such as Bashu in Sichuan, Chu in Hubei, and Yue in Guangdong.

2.一些在周边地区独立发展的国家自动融入了中华文明圈。如位于四川的巴蜀、位于湖北的楚国、位于广东的越国等。

Although the Chinese world is not unified, the scope of cultural influence has become larger.

虽然中国世界并不统一，但文化影响的范围已经变得更大了。

After Qin unified the feudal states, he unified all the land. Next, the army conquered the southern border area. The territory expanded to present-day Guangxi and northern Vietnam.

3.秦统一诸侯国后，统一了所有的土地。接下来，军队征服了南边的边境地区。领土扩展到今天的广西和越南北部。

5. 汉 Han Empire (44 AD)

The Han Empire was the first golden age in Chinese history.

汉帝国是中国历史上第一个黄金时代。

It is also the first truly powerful empire established by the Chinese people. The Qin Empire only existed for 18 years, while the Han Empire existed for 400 years.

它也是中国人建立的第一个真正强大的帝国。（秦帝国只存在了18年，汉帝国存在了400年）。

He inherited the territory of the Qin Empire and expanded it to present-day Gansu Province and Xinjiang. The westernmost territory extends beyond today's border with China. Arrive in the Central Asian country of Afghanistan.

他继承了秦帝国的领土，并将其扩展到今天的甘肃省，新疆。最西部的领土延伸到今天与中国的边界之外。抵达中亚国家阿富汗。

The territorial expansion of many empires comes from two ways:

许多帝国的领土扩张来自两个方面：

1. The war against the Huns.

1.对匈奴的战争。

From the early stages of peace and defense, it gradually shifted towards active attack. The Han Empire expelled the Xiongnu. Occupy the Hexi Corridor controlled by the Xiongnu and entered the Western Regions.

从和平与防御的早期，它逐渐转向积极进攻。汉帝国驱逐了匈奴。占领了匈奴控制的河西走廊，进入西域。

2. Diplomatic mediation in the Western Regions.

2.西域外交斡旋。

The Western Region is vast and sparsely populated, and the deserts and Gobi are too vast, making military conquest uneconomical. The Han Empire used diplomatic methods to win over the 36 small countries that existed here, and carried out military strikes against the few who did not cooperate.

西域地广人稀，沙漠戈壁太过辽阔，军事征服不划算。汉帝国用外交手段拉拢了这里存在的36个小国，并对少数不合作的国家进行了军事打击。

Eventually they all surrendered to the Han Empire and became part of the indirect control of the Han Empire.

最终，他们都向汉帝国投降，成为汉帝国间接控制的一部分。

5. 三国 Three Kingdown (230 AD)

China's territory has not always been expanding. When the empire collapses and enters a cycle of division, the territory will shrink.

中国的领土并不总是在扩张。当帝国崩溃并进入分裂循环时，领土就会缩小。

This is the Three Kingdoms period, when the Han Empire collapsed. The Chinese world is composed of three parts: Wei, Shu, and Wu.

这是三国时期，汉帝国崩溃了。中国世界由魏、蜀、吴三部分组成。

Due to the decline in overall strength, their territory has shrunk much compared to that of the Han Empire.

由于整体实力的下降，他们的领土与汉帝国相比已经缩小了很多。

Especially in the north, Wei Kingdom could no longer control the vast no-man's land and grasslands.

尤其是在北方，魏国再也无法控制广阔的无人区和草原。

Only the Shu Kingdom in the south expanded a little, due to Zhuge Liang's conquest of the southwestern mountains.

由于诸葛亮征服了西南山区，只有南方的蜀国略有扩张。

6、南北朝 Northern and Southern Dynasties (352 AD)

More interestingly, division and weakness can also lead to territorial expansion. China's division lasted for 200 years, entering the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

更有趣的是，分裂和软弱也会导致领土扩张。中国的分裂持续了200年，进入南北朝时期。

At this time, many new ethnic groups from the north entered China. They brought people, cows, and sheep and established a small kingdom. By the way, they also brought broader land.

在这个时候，许多来自北方的新民族进入了中国。他们带来了人、牛和羊，建立了小王国。顺便说一句，他们还带来了更广阔的土地。

Looking at this map, pink, blue, and green all extended beyond the boundaries of the Han Dynasty. These are from northern nomadic peoples, such as Di people, Qiang people, and Xianbei people.

在这张地图上，粉色、蓝色和绿色都延伸到了汉朝的边界之外。这些人来自北方游牧民族，如狄人、羌人和鲜卑人。

Although the empire was divided, the scope of cultural influence expanded once.

尽管帝国在分裂，但汉文化影响的范围一度扩大。

7、隋唐 Sui Empire And Tang Empire(600 AD)

1. This was the territory directly controlled by the Tang Empire

1.这是唐帝国直接控制的领土

1. This is the territory under the direct and indirect control of the Tang Empire.

1.这是唐帝国直接和间接控制的领土。

After a brief transition from the Sui Empire, China entered the period of the Tang Empire.

This is the second golden age in Chinese history.

中国从隋帝国短暂过渡到唐帝国，这是中国历史上的第二个黄金时代。

The empire's military and cultural power reached unprecedented heights.

帝国的军事和文化力量达到了前所未有的高度。

They not only integrated the land brought by foreign ethnic groups during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but also expanded their control to present-day Russia and Kazakhstan through diplomacy, intimidation, and military garrison.

他们不仅整合了南北朝时期外国民族带来的土地，还通过外交、恐吓和军事驻军将控制范围扩大到今天的俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦。

The vast territory of the Tang Empire came from two ways：

唐帝国的辽阔疆域来自两个方面：

1. The joining-integration of foreign nationalities during the Northern and Southern Dynasties

1.南北朝时期外国民族的融合

2. Direct military conquest. The Western Regions that were indirectly controlled by the Han Dynasty were all conquered militarily during the Tang Empire.

2.直接军事征服。汉朝间接控制的西域，在唐帝国时期都是军事征服的。

3. Political and military control over external countries, mainly the northern grasslands, southern Siberia and other regions.

3.对外部国家的政治和军事控制，主要是北方草原、西伯利亚南部等地区。

8、宋、金和西夏 Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Xixia Dynasty periods（1129AD）

This is another period of empire fragmentation.

这是帝国分裂的又一个时期。

The land in the south is controlled by the Han people, their country is called the Song Dynasty, the north is controlled by the Jurchens, who established the Jin Dynasty, and the west is controlled by the Dangxiang people, who established the Xixia Dynasty.

南方的土地由汉族控制，他们的国家被称为宋朝，北方由女真人控制，女真人建立了金朝，西部由党项人控制，党项人建立了西夏王朝。

The northern grasslands and western regions controlled by the Tang Empire were out of control at this time.

唐帝国控制的北方草原和西部地区在这个时候已经失去了控制。

Three nations established three kingdoms, and history seemed to have returned to the Three Kingdoms period.and China's territory has shrunk again.

三个民族建立了三国，历史似乎又回到了三国时期，中国的领土又缩小了。

9、元朝 Yuan Empire（1296AD）

The Mongol Empire conquered the Jin Dynasty and the Western Xia Dynasty. But he failed in the process of conquering the Song Dynasty, and Meng Ge Khan died in battle.

蒙古帝国征服了金朝和西夏。但他在征服宋朝的过程中失败了，蒙哥可汗战死沙场。

Afterwards, four princes divided the Mongol Empire. One of the most famous is called Kublai Khan. With the support of a group of Han staff, he established the Yuan Dynasty on the territory of the original Jin Dynasty. And relaunched the conquest of the Song Dynasty.

后来，四位王子瓜分了蒙古帝国。其中最著名的就是忽必烈。在一批汉族幕僚的支持下，他在原金朝的领土上建立了元朝。并重新发动了对宋朝的征服。

In the end, the Yuan Dynasty won and the Yuan Empire was established.

最终，元朝取得了胜利，大元建立了。

As can be seen from the map, the territory of the Yuan Empire was very large. This is because it not only integrated the previous three dynasties, but also incorporated a large area of northern and western territory from the Mongol Empire into China.

从地图上可以看出，元帝国的疆域是非常大的。这是因为它不仅融合了前三个朝代，而且还融合了大面积的从蒙古帝国进入中国的北部和西部领土。

China's territory has reached the largest extent in history.

中国的领土面积达到了历史上最大的。

But the Yuan Empire only lasted 93 years before collapsing.

但元帝国只维持了93年就崩溃了。

10、明朝 Ming Empire（1410AD）

The collapse of the Yuan Empire was accompanied by the rise of the Ming Empire.

元帝国的崩溃伴随着明帝国的崛起。

This was the third large-scale empire established by the Han people on Chinese soil. China has entered its third golden age.

这是汉族在中国土地上建立的第三个大规模帝国。中国已进入第三个黄金时代。

The Ming Empire inherited most of the territory of the Yuan Empire. But the emperor believed that controlling the grasslands in the north where cattle could only be raised would cost the empire too much wealth. Militarism is not good for the country. So they gave up control of the grasslands. A new Great Wall was built to separate the agricultural south from the nomadic north. They set their sights on the ocean, and Zheng He's era of great voyages began.

明朝继承了元朝的大部分领土。但皇帝认为，控制北方只能养牛的草原会让帝国损失太多财富。军国主义对国家不利。所以他们放弃了对草原的控制。修建了一座新的长城，将南方的农业区与北方的游牧区分隔开来。他们把目光投向了大海，郑和的伟大航海时代开始了。

Compared with the period of the Yuan Empire, the territory of the Ming Empire actually shrank.

与元帝国时期相比，明帝国的疆域实际上缩小了。

11、清朝 Qing Empire（1847AD）

The Manchus rose in the northeast of the Ming Dynasty. They first conquered the entire Mongolian grassland. When the Ming Empire collapsed, the Manchus took the opportunity to enter the anarchic Central Plains. They established a new empire and unified China.

满人在明朝的东北崛起。他们首先征服了整个蒙古草原。当明帝国崩溃时，满人趁机进入了无政府的中原。他们建立了一个新帝国，统一了中国。

It not only inherited the territory of the Ming Empire, but also integrated the territory of the Mongols with that of the Western Regions. This allowed China's territory to be re expanded to the level of the Yuan Dynasty.

它不仅继承了明帝国的疆域，还将蒙古人的疆域与西域的疆域融合在一起。这使得中国的版图得以重新扩展到元朝的水平。

The Qing Empire was the last ancient empire in Chinese history.

清帝国是中国历史上最后一个封建帝国。

The territorial expansion of the Qing Empire relative to the Ming Empire mainly came from the annexation of northern territories.

清帝国相对于明帝国的领土扩张主要来自于对北方领土的吞并。

12、中华民国 Republic of China（1916AD）

After experiencing the "century long humiliation" of the late Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China was established with difficulty. However, this modern country has been in a state of war since its inception, with the outbreak of World War I and World War II. It can be seen that the territory of the Republic of China is much smaller than that of the Qing Empire. The loss of territory in its western and northeastern regions was caused by the occupation of Tsarist Russia. These places are already Russian land today.

在经历了清帝国末年的“百年屈辱”之后，中华民国艰难地成立了。然而，这个现代国家自诞生以来就一直处于战争之中，第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战相继爆发。由此可见，中华民国的疆域比清帝国的疆域要小得多。其西部和东北部领土的丧失是由沙俄的占领造成的。这些地方今天已经是俄罗斯的土地了。

Therefore, Russia today is very worried that the Chinese will take back these lands. Chinese nationalists have also been advocating this.

因此，今天的俄罗斯非常担心中国会收回这些土地。中国的民族主义者也一直在提倡这一点。

Russia is the only country that has occupied Chinese land in the past 200 years and has not returned it.

俄罗斯是过去200年来唯一一个占领中国土地却没有归还的国家。

But some stupid western countries actually forced them to become allies.

但一些愚蠢的西方国家实际上在迫使他们成为盟友。

13、中华人民共和国 People's Republic of China（1949AD）

Today's China was established in 1949.

今天的中国成立于1949年。

When they were established, they lost a large northern territory.

当他们建立时，他们失去了一大片北方领土。

That is today's Mongolia.

这就是今天的蒙古国。

In 1946, with the support of the Soviet Union, Mongolia split from China. became an independent country.

1946年，在苏联的支持下，蒙古从中国分裂出去。成为一个独立的国家。

This is a huge land, reaching 1.56 million square kilometers. larger than most countries in the world.

这是一块巨大的土地，面积达156万平方公里。比世界上大多数国家都大。

Notice it, it's the Russians again.

注意了，又是俄罗斯人。

Russia has exploited China's weakness over the past 200 years. By means of occupation and division. This reduced China's territory by 5.8 million square kilometers.

过去200年来，俄罗斯一直在利用中国的弱点。通过占领和分裂的方式。这使中国的领土减少了580万平方公里。

How much is 5.8 million square kilometers? Approximately equal to 22 British, 10 French, 1.5 Indian.

580万平方公里多少钱？大约相当于22名英国人，10名法国人，1.5名印度人。

Summarize:

总结：

In the past 4000 years, China's territory has been expanding. Sometimes it also contracts. Most of China's territory was not acquired through conquest. On the contrary, "aggressors", "conquerors", and "subverters" constantly merge their territories into China.

在过去的4000年里，中国的领土一直在扩张。有时它也会收缩。中国的大部分领土不是通过征服获得的。相反，“侵略者”、“征服者”和“颠覆者”不断地将自己的领土并入中国。

In different eras, different ambitious people wanted to rule China, but in the end they all became part of the Chinese people.

在不同的时代，不同的雄心勃勃的人想要统治中国，但最终他们都成为了中国人民的一部分。

Special Note:

特别说明：

The color blocks in the map are only approximate and not accurate.

地图中的色块只是近似的，并不准确。

These hints are only used to discuss historical topics for the convenience of readers.

这些提示只是为了方便读者讨论历史话题。

It is not a precise declaration of sovereignty. I hope readers will not argue about issues such as territorial disputes under this issue.

这不是一个精确的主权宣言。我希望读者不要在这个问题下争论领土争端之类的问题。